安装完Hadoop之后急切有种想体验一下Apache HBase的操作，于是就有了这篇文章。
Linux环境
Linux :Ubuntu server 15.04
Welcome to Ubuntu 15.04 (GNU/Linux 3.19.0-15-generic x86_64) * Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/ Your Ubuntu release is not supported anymore. For upgrade information,please visit: http://www.ubuntu.com/releaseendoflife New release '15.10' available. Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.
JDK:确保已安装JDK
hduser@ubuntu:/$ java -version java version "1.7.0_95" OpenJDK Runtime Environment (IcedTea 2.6.4) (7u95-2.6.4-0ubuntu0.15.04.1) OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.95-b01,mixed mode) hduser@ubuntu:/$
下载HBase稳定版本1.2.x
http://ftp.wayne.edu/apache/hbase/
解压HBase文件
Last login: Tue Feb 14 20:22:43 2017 from 192.168.234.1 root@ubuntu:~# cd /usr/local root@ubuntu:/usr/local# ls bin etc games hadoop hbase-1.2.4-bin.tar.gz include lib man sbin share src tomcat root@ubuntu:/usr/local# tar zxf hbase-1.2.4-bin.tar.gz root@ubuntu:/usr/local# ls bin etc games hadoop hbase-1.2.4 hbase-1.2.4-bin.tar.gz include lib man sbin share src tomcat root@ubuntu:/usr/local#
分配HBase用户分组及操作权限
将文件名由/usr/local/hbase-1.2.4改为/usr/local/hbase，并为/usr/local/hbase分配hadoop分组的hduser用户下：
root@ubuntu:/usr/local# mv hbase-1.2.4 hbase root@ubuntu:/usr/local# cd / root@ubuntu:/# chown -R hduser:hadoop /usr/local/hbase root@ubuntu:/# chmod 777 /usr/local/hbase/bin/*.sh root@ubuntu:/#
修改HBase相关的配置文件
（1）配置hbase-env.sh，该文件在/usr/local/hbase/conf设置以下值：
#Java install home export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64 # HBase class path export HBASE_CLAsspATH=/usr/local/hbase/lib #By HBase to control Zookeeper start or stop export HBASE_MANAGES_ZK=true # pids path -solve exception export HBASE_PID_DIR=/home/hduser/pids
（2）配置hbase-site.xml，该文件位于/usr/local/hbase-1.2.4/conf
<configuration>
<property>
<name>hbase.master</name>
<value>master:6000</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hbase.master.maxclockskew</name>
<value>180000</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hbase.rootdir</name>
<value>hdfs://master:9000/hbase</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hbase.cluster.distributed</name>
<value>true</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hbase.zookeeper.quorum</name>
<value>master</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hbase.zookeeper.property.dataDir</name>
<value>/home/${user.name}/tmp/zookeeper</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>dfs.replication</name>
<value>1</value>
</property>
</configuration>
属性说明：
hbase.master是指定运行HMaster的服务器及端口号；
hbase.master.maxclockskew是用来防止HBase节点之间时间不一致造成regionserver启动失败，默认值是30000；
hbase.rootdir指定HBase的存储目录；
hbase.cluster.distributed设置集群处于分布式模式；hbase.zookeeper.quorum设置Zookeeper节点的主机名，它的值个数必须是奇数；
hbase.zookeeper.property.dataDir设置Zookeeper的目录，默认为/tmp，dfs.replication设置数据备份数，集群节点小于3时需要修改，本次试验是一个节点，所以修改为1。
注：master需要设置/etc/hosts文件：127.0.0.1 master；设置完成后可以试一下是否设置成功
（3）配置regionservers，该文件位于/usr/local/hbase/conf设置所运行HBase的机器，此文件配置和hadoop中的slaves类似，一行指定一台机器，本次试验仅用一台机器，设置master即可,默认是：localhost。
（4）设置HBase环境变量，文件位于/etc/profile
在文件末尾添加：
#HBase Environment export HBASE_HOME=/usr/local/hbase export PATH=$PATH:$HBASE_HOME/bin使修改生效：
source /etc/profile
第三步：运行测试
先启动Hadoop再启动HBase：
HBase Shell操作工具
进入命令窗口和帮助
HBase安装目录后执行bin/hbase shell，进入HBase shell交互模式，通过执行help命令，将输出一系列帮助信息如下：
输入help输出如下：
hbase(main):003:0> help
HBase Shell,version 1.2.4,r67592f3d062743907f8c5ae00dbbe1ae4f69e5af,Tue Oct 25 18:10:20 CDT 2016
Type 'help "COMMAND"',(e.g. 'help "get"' -- the quotes are necessary) for help on a specific command.
Commands are grouped. Type 'help "COMMAND_GROUP"',(e.g. 'help "general"') for help on a command group.
COMMAND GROUPS:
Group name: general
Commands: status,table_help,version,whoami
Group name: ddl
Commands: alter,alter_async,alter_status,create,describe,disable,disable_all,drop,drop_all,enable,enable_all,exists,get_table,is_disabled,is_enabled,list,locate_region,show_filters
Group name: namespace
Commands: alter_namespace,create_namespace,describe_namespace,drop_namespace,list_namespace,list_namespace_tables
Group name: dml
Commands: append,count,delete,deleteall,get,get_counter,get_splits,incr,put,scan,truncate,truncate_preserve
Group name: tools
Commands: assign,balance_switch,balancer,balancer_enabled,catalogjanitor_enabled,catalogjanitor_run,catalogjanitor_switch,close_region,compact,compact_rs,flush,major_compact,merge_region,move,normalize,normalizer_enabled,normalizer_switch,split,trace,unassign,wal_roll,zk_dump
Group name: replication
Commands: add_peer,append_peer_tableCFs,disable_peer,disable_table_replication,enable_peer,enable_table_replication,list_peers,list_replicated_tables,remove_peer,remove_peer_tableCFs,set_peer_tableCFs,show_peer_tableCFs
Group name: snapshots
Commands: clone_snapshot,delete_all_snapshot,delete_snapshot,list_snapshots,restore_snapshot,snapshot
Group name: configuration
Commands: update_all_config,update_config
Group name: quotas
Commands: list_quotas,set_quota
Group name: security
Commands: grant,list_security_capabilities,revoke,user_permission
Group name: procedures
Commands: abort_procedure,list_procedures
Group name: visibility labels
Commands: add_labels,clear_auths,get_auths,list_labels,set_auths,set_visibility
SHELL USAGE:
Quote all names in HBase Shell such as table and column names. Commas delimit
command parameters. Type <RETURN> after entering a command to run it.
Dictionaries of configuration used in the creation and alteration of tables are
Ruby Hashes. They look like this:
{'key1' => 'value1','key2' => 'value2',...}
and are opened and closed with curley-braces. Key/values are delimited by the
'=>' character combination. Usually keys are predefined constants such as
NAME,VERSIONS,COMPRESSION,etc. Constants do not need to be quoted. Type
'Object.constants' to see a (messy) list of all constants in the environment.
If you are using binary keys or values and need to enter them in the shell,use
double-quote'd hexadecimal representation. For example:
hbase> get 't1',"key\x03\x3f\xcd"
hbase> get 't1',"key\003\023\011"
hbase> put 't1',"test\xef\xff",'f1:',"\x01\x33\x40"
The HBase shell is the (J)Ruby IRB with the above HBase-specific commands added.
For more on the HBase Shell,see http://hbase.apache.org/book.html
hbase(main):004:0>
HBase Shell 操作示例
hbase shell常用的操作命令有create,status等，通过help可以看到详细的用法。
1、打开Hbase shell
hduser@ubuntu:/usr/local/hbase$ hbase shell
2、查询表List
hbase(main):001:0> list
3、建表（create）
hbase(main):008:0> create 'scores','grad','course'
4、添加数据（表scores，rowkey为zkb 列族grad,列名为”” 值为5）
hbase(main):013:0> put 'scores','zkd','grade:','5'
5、 给zkb这一行的数据的列族course添加一列<math,97> (put)
hbase(main):016:0> put 'scores','course:math','97'
6、查询某一条数据(get)，根据rowkey查找
hbase(main):024:0> get 'scores','zkd'
7、查询多条数据(scan)
格式：scan命令可以指定startrow,stoprow来scan多个row，例如：scan 'user_test',{COLUMNS =>'info:username',LIMIT =>10,STARTROW => 'test',STOPROW=>'test2'},{}里边的是可选项
hbase(main):003:0> scan 'scores',{COLUMNS=>'course:art',LIMIT=>1,STARTROW=>'a',STOPROW=>'z'}
8、删除记录（只有一个column）
delete 'scores','1','course:art'
9、删除rowkey的所有column
deleteall 'scores','1'
10、删除scores表
hbase(main):004:0> disable 'scores'
hbase(main):005:0> drop 'scores'
注意：操作过程中可能会因为zookeeper报错：ERROR: Can't get master address from ZooKeeper; znode data == null。
错误原因：用户无法写入zookeeper文件，导致znode data为空。
解决方法：
(1)在hbase-site.xml指定一个运行hbase的用户有写入文件权限的目录作为zookeeper数据目录，如
<property>
<name>hbase.zookeeper.property.dataDir</name>
<value>/home/hduser/zookeeper</value>
</property>
（2）hbase-site.xml文件中的
<property> <name>hbase.rootdir</name> <value>hdfs://localhost:49002/hbase</value> </property>
rootdir中的IP设定很重要，需要设定对应的IP与core-site.xml中fs.defaultFS中的路径不相同
<property>
<name>fs.defaultFS</name>
<value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value>
</property>
异常处理
HBase stop异常
stopping hbasecat: /tmp/hbase-mango-master.pid: No such file or directory
默认情况下pid文件保存在/tmp目录下，/tmp目录下的文件很容易丢失（重启后基本就会删除），解决办法：在hbase-env.sh中修改pid文件的存放路径
解决方法：
在hbase-env.sh中修改pid文件的存放路径创建用户的pids目录：
export HBASE_PID_DIR=/home/hduser/pids
命令生成： hbase-mango-master.pid文件
touch hbase-mango-master.pid
虚拟机内存不足
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: INFO: os::commit_memory(0x00000000de530000,10813440,0) Failed; error='Cannot allocate memory' (errno=12)
OpenJDK 64位服务器VM警告：无法分配内存。
关于本文配置文件的下载：HBase配置文件与HBase doc文档