深入理解JavaScript编程中的原型概念

var a = {};
 
//Opera 或 IE<=8下失败
Object.getPrototypeOf(a); //[object Object]
 
//IE下失败
a.__proto__; //[object Object]
 
//所有浏览器
//(but only if constructor.prototype has not been replaced and fails with Object.create)
a.constructor.prototype; //[object Object]

//(works in IE<=8 too, due to double-negative)
false.__proto__ === Boolean(false).__proto__; //true

//fails in IE<=8
var a = {};
a.__proto_ = Array.prototype;
a.length; //0

//永远不是构造函数的方法，无论如何都是有prototype属性的
Math.max.prototype; //[object Object]
 
//构造函数也有prototype属性
var A = function(name) {
  this.name = name;
}
A.prototype; //[object Object]
 
//Math不是一个方法，所以没有prototype属性
Math.prototype; //null

//(在IE中会失败)
var A = function(name) {
  this.name = name;
}
 
A.prototype == A.__proto__; //false
A.__proto__ == Function.prototype; //true - A的prototype是它的构造函数的prototype属性

//构造器. <em>this</em> 作为新对象返回并且它内部的[[prototype]]属性将被设置为构造器默认的prototype属性
var Circle = function(radius) {
  this.radius = radius;
  //next line is implicit, added for illustration only
  //this.__proto__ = Circle.prototype;
}
 
//扩充 Circle默认的prototype对象的属性因此扩充了每个由它新建实例的prototype对象的属性
Circle.prototype.area = function() {
  return Math.PI*this.radius*this.radius;
}
 
//创建Circle的两个示例，每个都会使用相同的prototype属性
var a = new Circle(3), b = new Circle(4);
a.area().toFixed(2); //28.27
b.area().toFixed(2); //50.27

var A = function(name) {
  this.name = name;
}
 
var a = new A('alpha');
a.name; //'alpha'
 
A.prototype.x = 23;
 
a.x; //23

var A = function(name) {
  this.name = name;
}
 
var a = new A('alpha');
a.name; //'alpha'
 
A.prototype = {x:23};
 
a.x; //null

var A = function() {};
A.prototype.constructor == A; //true
 
var a = new A();
a.constructor == A; //true (a 的constructor属性继承自它的原型)

var A = function() {}
 
var a = new A();
a.__proto__ == A.prototype; //true - so instanceof A will return true
a instanceof A; //true;
 
//mess around with a's prototype
a.__proto__ = Function.prototype;
 
//a's prototype no longer in same prototype chain as A's prototype property
a instanceof A; //false

String.prototype.times = function(count) {
  return count < 1 ? '' : new Array(count   1).join(this);
}
 
"hello!".times(3); //"hello!hello!hello!";
"please...".times(6); //"please...please...please...please...please...please..."

a.__proto__ = b;
b.__proto__ = c;
c.__proto__ = {}; //默认对象
{}.__proto__.__proto__; //null