MariaDB 是一个增强版的、开源的 MysqL 替代品。它主要由 MariaDB 社区在维护，采用 GPL v2 授权许可。软件的安全性是 MariaDB 开发者的主要焦点。他们保持为 MariaDB 的每个版本发布安全补丁。当有任何安全问题被发现时，开发者会尽快修复并推出 MariaDB 的新版本。
MariaDB 的优势
- 完全开源
- 快速且透明的安全版本
- 与 MysqL 高度兼容
- 性能更好
- 比 MysqL 的存储引擎多
在这篇文章中，我将谈论关于如何在 CentOS7 CPanel 服务器上升级 MysqL5.5 到最新的 MariaDB 。在安装前先完成以下步骤。
先决条件:
1. 停止当前 MysqL 服务
root@server1 [/var/]# MysqL Welcome to the MysqL monitor. Commands end with ; or /g. Your MysqL connection id is 5859 Server version: 5.5.47-cll MysqL Community Server (GPL) copyright (c) 2000,2015,Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered Trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be Trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the current input statement. root@server1 [~]# systemctl stop MysqL root@server1 [~]# systemctl status MysqL ● MysqL.service - LSB: start and stop MysqL Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/MysqL) Active: Failed (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:00:02 UTC; 1min 31s ago Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8) Main PID: 23430 (code=exited,status=203/EXEC) Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started MysqL Server. Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting MysqL Server... Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: MysqL.service: main process exited,code=exited,status=203/EXEC Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Unit MysqL.service entered Failed state. Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: MysqL.service Failed.
2. 在升级之前将所有配置文件和数据库转移
转移数据库的存储路径和 MysqL 的配置文件
root@server1 [~]# cp -Rf /var/lib/MysqL /var/lib/MysqL-old root@server1 [/var/lib/MysqL]# cat /etc/my.cnf [MysqLd] default-storage-engine=MyISAM innodb_file_per_table=1 max_allowed_packet=268435456 open_files_limit=10000 root@server1 [~]#mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf-old
3. 从服务器上删除和卸载 MysqL 所有的 RPM 包
运行以下命令来禁用 MysqL RPM 的目标（target）。通过运行此命令，cPanel 将不再处理 MysqL 的更新，并在系统上将这些 RPM 版本标记为已卸载。
/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MysqL50 uninstalled /scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MysqL51 uninstalled /scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MysqL55 uninstalled /scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MysqL56 uninstalled
现在运行以下命令：
/scripts/checkcpanelrpms --fix --targets=MysqL50,MysqL51,MysqL55,MysqL56
移除服务器上所有已有的 MysqL RPM 来为 MariaDB 的安装清理环境。请看下面的输出：
root@server1 [/var/lib/MysqL]# /scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MysqL50,MysqL56 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Problems were detected with cPanel-provided files which are RPM controlled. [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] If you did not make these changes intentionally,you can correct them by running: [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] > /usr/local/cpanel/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] The following RPMs are unneeded on your system and should be uninstalled: [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MysqL55-client-5.5.47-1.cp1148 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MysqL55-devel-5.5.47-1.cp1148 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MysqL55-server-5.5.47-1.cp1148 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MysqL55-shared-5.5.47-1.cp1148 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MysqL55-test-5.5.47-1.cp1148 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MysqL50-shared-5.0.96-4.cp1136 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MysqL51-shared-5.1.73-1.cp1150 [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Removing 0 broken rpms: [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] rpm: no packages given for erase [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] No new RPMS needed for install [2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] disabling service monitoring. [2016-01-31 09:54:01 +0000] Uninstalling unneeded rpms: MysqL55-test MysqL55-server MysqL55-client compat-MysqL51-shared compat-MysqL50-shared MysqL55-shared MysqL55-devel [2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/MysqL.service. [2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Restoring service monitoring.
通过这些步骤，我们已经卸载了现有的 MysqL RPM，并做了标记来防止 MysqL的更新，服务器的环境已经清理，然后准备安装 MariaDB。
开始安装吧，我们需要根据 CentOS 和 MariaDB 的版本为 MariaDB 创建一个 yum 软件库。下面是我的做法！
安装步骤：
第1步：创建 YUM 软件库。
root@server1 [~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo [mariadb] name = MariaDB baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/ gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB gpgcheck=1 root@server1 [/etc/yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo [mariadb] name = MariaDB baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/ gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB gpgcheck=1
第2步：打开 /etc/yum.conf 并修改如下行：
删除这一行：
exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* MysqL* nsd* PHP* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
替换为：
exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* nsd* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
重要
需要确保我们已经从 exclude 列表中移除了 MysqL 和 PHP。
第3步：运行以下命令来安装 MariaDB 和相关的包。
root@server1 [~]#yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-devel PHP-MysqL Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================================================================================== Installing: MariaDB-client x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 10 M MariaDB-devel x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 6.3 M MariaDB-server x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 55 M PHP-MysqL x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 99 k Installing for dependencies: MariaDB-common x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 43 k MariaDB-shared x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 1.2 M libzip x86_64 0.10.1-8.el7 base 48 k PHP-common x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 563 k PHP-pdo x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 97 k Transaction Summary =============================================================================================================================================== Install 4 Packages (+5 Dependent package)
第4步：重新启动，并确保 MysqL 服务已启动。
root@server1 [~]# systemctl start MysqL root@server1 [~]# root@server1 [~]# root@server1 [~]# systemctl status MysqL ● MysqL.service - LSB: start and stop MysqL Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/MysqL) Active: active (exited) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:01:46 UTC; 3s ago Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8) Process: 23717 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/MysqL start (code=exited,status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 23430 (code=exited,status=203/EXEC) Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MysqL... Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com MysqL[23717]: Starting MysqL SUCCESS! Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MysqL.
第5步：运行 MysqL_upgrade 命令。
它将检查所有数据库中的所有表与当前安装的版本是否兼容，并在必要时会更新系统表，以赋予当前版本新增加的权限或能力。
root@server1 [~]# MysqL_upgrade MysqL upgrade detected Phase 1/6: Checking and upgrading MysqL database Processing databases MysqL MysqL.columns_priv OK MysqL.db OK MysqL.event OK MysqL.func OK MysqL.help_category OK MysqL.help_keyword OK MysqL.help_relation OK MysqL.help_topic OK MysqL.host OK MysqL.ndb_binlog_index OK MysqL.plugin OK MysqL.proc OK MysqL.procs_priv OK MysqL.proxies_priv OK MysqL.servers OK MysqL.tables_priv OK MysqL.time_zone OK MysqL.time_zone_leap_second OK MysqL.time_zone_name OK MysqL.time_zone_transition OK MysqL.time_zone_transition_type OK MysqL.user OK Phase 2/6: Fixing views from MysqL Phase 3/6: Running 'MysqL_fix_privilege_tables' Phase 4/6: Fixing table and database names Phase 5/6: Checking and upgrading tables Processing databases cphulkd cphulkd.auths OK cphulkd.blacklist OK cphulkd.brutes OK cphulkd.good_logins OK cphulkd.ip_lists OK cphulkd.kNown_netblocks OK cphulkd.login_track OK cphulkd.logins OK cphulkd.report OK cphulkd.whitelist OK eximstats eximstats.defers OK eximstats.failures OK eximstats.sends OK eximstats.smtp OK information_schema leechprotect leechprotect.hits OK modsec modsec.hits OK performance_schema roundcube roundcube.cache OK roundcube.cache_index OK roundcube.cache_messages OK roundcube.cache_shared OK roundcube.cache_thread OK roundcube.contactgroupmembers OK roundcube.contactgroups OK roundcube.contacts OK roundcube.cp_schema_version OK roundcube.dictionary OK roundcube.identities OK roundcube.searches OK roundcube.session OK roundcube.system OK roundcube.users OK saheetha_test saheetha_test.authors OK whmxfer whmxfer.sessions OK Phase 6/6: Running 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES' OK
第6步：再次重新启动 MysqL 的服务，以确保一切都运行完好。
root@server1 [~]# systemctl restart MysqL root@server1 [~]# root@server1 [~]# systemctl status MysqL ● MysqL.service - LSB: start and stop MysqL Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/MysqL) Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:04:11 UTC; 9s ago Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8) Process: 23831 ExecStop=/etc/rc.d/init.d/MysqL stop (code=exited,status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 23854 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/MysqL start (code=exited,status=203/EXEC) CGroup: /system.slice/MysqL.service ├─23861 /bin/sh /usr/bin/MysqLd_safe --datadir=/var/lib/MysqL --pid-file=/var/lib/MysqL/server1.centos7-test.com.pid └─23933 /usr/sbin/MysqLd --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/MysqL --plugin-dir=/usr/lib64/MysqL/plugin --user=MysqL --log-error=/v... Jan 31 10:04:10 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MysqL... Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com MysqL[23854]: Starting MysqL. SUCCESS! Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MysqL.
第7步：运行 EasyApache，重建 Apache/PHP 以支持 MariaDB，并确保所有 PHP 的模块保持不变。
root@server1 [~]#/scripts/easyapache --build
重要
如果你在安装 MariaDB 之后忘记重建 Apache/PHP，将会报如下库错误：
root@server1 [/etc/my.cnf.d]# PHP -v PHP: error while loading shared libraries: libMysqLclient.so.18: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
第8步：现在验证安装的程序和数据库。
root@server1 [/var/lib/MysqL]# MysqL Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or /g. Your MariaDB connection id is 15 Server version: 10.0.23-MariaDB MariaDB Server copyright (c) 2000,Oracle,MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '/h' for help. Type '/c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> show storage engines; +--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+ | Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints | +--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+ | CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO | | MRG_MyISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO | | MEMORY | YES | Hash based,stored in memory,useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO | | BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO | | MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO | | InnoDB | DEFAULT | Percona-XTradB,Supports transactions,row-level locking,and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES | | ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO | | FEDERATED | YES | FederatedX pluggable storage engine | YES | NO | YES | | PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO | | Aria | YES | Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage | NO | NO | NO | +--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
就这样 ：）。现在，我们该去欣赏 MariaDB 完善和高效的特点了。希望你喜欢阅读本文。希望留下您宝贵的建议和反馈！